This course examines the following thematic units: Industrial Revolution-French Revolution-Europe after 1815 and the revolutionary movements – Urbanization and Industrialization in the 19^th century-The creation of nation states-The triumph and crisis of European capitalism (1870-1914). Special emphasis is given on the two revolutions (industrial and French) that changed the form of Europe and crucially defined the European course. Every unit is preceded by a brief introduction and chronological presentation of landmark facts as points of reference, followed by the analysis of the influential factors on the courses and mechanisms which are characteristic of new historical realities.